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Saturday, July 18, 2026

PSC English Grammar

 

​I. Grammar & Sentence Structure

1. Neither the boy nor his brothers ______ satisfied. (Police Constable)

  • ​(A) is
  • ​(B) has
  • ​(C) have
  • ​(D) are
  • Answer: (D) are

    Rule: When two subjects are joined by neither... nor, the verb agrees with the closer subject (his brothers, which is plural).


    2. He seldom answers any questions, ______ ? (LDC)

    • ​(A) does he?
    • ​(B) doesn't he?
    • ​(C) did he?
    • ​(D) didn't he?
    • Answer: (A) does he?

      Rule: Words like seldom, hardly, barely, and scarcely have a negative meaning, so they require a positive question tag.


      3. If you went there, you ______ meet him. (Village Field Assistant)

      • ​(A) could meet him
      • ​(B) can meet him
      • ​(C) could have met him
      • ​(D) will meet him
      • Answer: (A) could meet him

        Rule: This is a Type 2 (hypothetical) conditional sentence. The structure is: If + Simple Past, would/could + base verb.


        4. I prefer coffee ______ tea. (Secretariat Assistant)

        • ​(A) than
        • ​(B) from
        • ​(C) to
        • ​(D) for
        • Answer: (C) to

          Rule: The verb prefer is naturally followed by the preposition to, not than.


          5. Change into Passive Voice: "They are following us." (LDC)

          • ​(A) We are followed by them
          • ​(B) We have been followed by them
          • ​(C) We are being followed by them
          • ​(D) We were being followed by them

          Answer: (C) We are being followed by them

          Rule: For the Present Continuous tense, the passive form uses is/am/are + being + past participle (V3).

PSC English Grammar

  •  ​1. The feminine gender of 'Monk' is:
  • ​(A) Nun
  • ​(B) Maid
  • ​(C) Spinster
  • ​(D) Countess
  • Answer: (A) Nun


    2. A group of wolves is called a ______ .

    • ​(A) Herd
    • ​(B) Pack
    • ​(C) Flock
    • ​(D) Swarm
    • Answer: (B) Pack


      3. The young one of a 'Kangaroo' is called a:

      • ​(A) Joey
      • ​(B) Cub
      • ​(C) Calf
      • ​(D) Fawn
      • Answer: (A) Joey


        4. Choose the correctly spelt word:

        • ​(A) Bureaucracy
        • ​(B) Burocracy
        • ​(C) Bureaucracy
        • ​(D) Beurocracy
        • Answer: (A) Bureaucracy

          Memory Trick: Remember the spelling of Bureau (B-U-R-E-A-U) then add cracy.


          5. Substitute with a single word: "One who collects stamps"

          • ​(A) Lapidist
          • ​(B) Philatelist
          • ​(C) Numismatist
          • ​(D) Optimist
          • Answer: (B) Philatelist

            Note: Numismatist is a person who collects coins.


            6. Meaning of the idiom "To clear the air":

            • ​(A) To remove tension or doubts
            • ​(B) To clean a dirty room
            • ​(C) To start a heavy argument
            • ​(D) To travel by flight
            • Answer: (A) To remove tension or doubts


              7. The antonym of 'Arrogant' is:

              • ​(A) Haughty
              • ​(B) Proud
              • ​(C) Humble
              • ​(D) Rigid
              • Answer: (C) Humble


                8. Identify the synonym of 'Reluctant':

                • ​(A) Ready
                • ​(B) Unwilling
                • ​(C) Eager
                • ​(D) Willing
                • Answer: (B) Unwilling


                  9. What is the meaning of the phrasal verb "Bring out"?

                  • ​(A) Publish
                  • ​(B) Extinguish
                  • ​(C) Raise/Rear
                  • ​(D) Cancel
                  • Answer: (A) Publish

                    Note: Bring up means to raise/rear children; Bring out means to publish a book or release a product.


                    10. Either the teacher or the students ______ collected the books.

                    • ​(A) has
                    • ​(B) have
                    • ​(C) is
                    • ​(D) was
                    • Answer: (B) have

                      Rule: When subjects are joined by either... or, the verb agrees with the closer subject (the students is plural).


                      11. He has been working here ______ five hours.

                      • ​(A) since
                      • ​(B) for
                      • ​(C) from
                      • ​(D) during
                      • Answer: (B) for

                        Rule: Use for for a total duration/period of time (five hours); use since for a specific starting point (5 o'clock).


                        12. If I had seen him, I ______ told him the news.

                        • ​(A) will have
                        • ​(B) would have
                        • ​(C) would
                        • ​(D) should
                        • Answer: (B) would have

                          Rule: Type 3 Conditional: If + Past Perfect (had seen) -> would have + V3 (told).


                          13. He is the boy ______ bag was lost.

                          • ​(A) who
                          • ​(B) whom
                          • ​(C) whose
                          • ​(D) which
                          • Answer: (C) whose

                            Rule: Use the relative pronoun whose to show possession for living beings.


                            14. You had better ______ home now.

                            • ​(A) go
                            • ​(B) to go
                            • ​(C) going
                            • ​(D) gone
                            • Answer: (A) go

                              Rule: The idiom had better is always followed by a bare infinitive (the base form of the verb without to).


                              15. Change into Passive Voice: "The teacher teaches us English."

                              • ​(A) English is taught us by the teacher.
                              • ​(B) We are being taught English by the teacher.
                              • ​(C) We are taught English by the teacher.
                              • ​(D) English was taught to us by the teacher.
                              • Answer: (C) We are taught English by the teacher.

                                Rule: Simple Present tense changes to is/am/are + V3 in the passive voice. (Option A is missing the word to before us).


                                16. Report the sentence: Sita said, "I have completed my work."

                                • ​(A) Sita said that she has completed her work.
                                • ​(B) Sita said that she had completed her work.
                                • ​(C) Sita told that she completed her work.
                                • ​(D) Sita said that she was completing her work.
                                • Answer: (B) Sita said that she had completed her work.

                                  Rule: Present Perfect (have completed) shifts to Past Perfect (had completed) in indirect speech.


                                  17. Give the question tag: "They seldom watch television, ______ ?"

                                  • ​(A) don't they?
                                  • ​(B) do they?
                                  • ​(C) didn't they?
                                  • ​(D) did they?
                                  • Answer: (B) do they?

                                    Rule: Seldom gives the sentence a negative meaning, so it requires a positive tag.


                                    18. Sri Lanka is ______ island.

                                    • ​(A) a
                                    • ​(B) an
                                    • ​(C) the
                                    • ​(D) no article
                                    • Answer: (B) an


                                      19. The patient died ______ cancer.

                                      • ​(A) from
                                      • ​(B) by
                                      • ​(C) of
                                      • ​(D) with
                                      • Answer: (C) of

                                        Rule: "Die of" is used for direct internal causes like diseases, hunger, or old age. "Die from" is used for external causes like overwork or wounds.


                                        20. No sooner did the bell ring ______ the children ran out.

                                        • ​(A) when
                                        • ​(B) then
                                        • ​(C) than
                                        • ​(D) before
                                        • Answer: (C) than

                                          Rule: The correlative structure is always No sooner ... than.


Sunday, July 12, 2026

PSC English Grammar

 

​I. Grammar & Sentence Structure

1. Neither the boy nor his brothers ______ satisfied. 

  • ​(A) is
  • ​(B) has
  • ​(C) have
  • ​(D) are
  • Answer: (D) are

    Rule: When two subjects are joined by neither... nor, the verb agrees with the closer subject (his brothers, which is plural).


    2. He seldom answers any questions, ______ ? 

    • ​(A) does he?
    • ​(B) doesn't he?
    • ​(C) did he?
    • ​(D) didn't he?
    • Answer: (A) does he?

      Rule: Words like seldom, hardly, barely, and scarcely have a negative meaning, so they require a positive question tag.


      3. If you went there, you ______ meet him. 

      • ​(A) could meet him
      • ​(B) can meet him
      • ​(C) could have met him
      • ​(D) will meet him
      • Answer: (A) could meet him

        Rule: This is a Type 2 (hypothetical) conditional sentence. The structure is: If + Simple Past, would/could + base verb.


        4. I prefer coffee ______ tea. 

        • ​(A) than
        • ​(B) from
        • ​(C) to
        • ​(D) for
        • Answer: (C) to

          Rule: The verb prefer is naturally followed by the preposition to, not than.


          5. Change into Passive Voice: "They are following us." 

          • ​(A) We are followed by them
          • ​(B) We have been followed by them
          • ​(C) We are being followed by them
          • ​(D) We were being followed by them

          Answer: (C) We are being followed by them

          Rule: For the Present Continuous tense, the passive form uses is/am/are + being + past participle .

          6. A person who undertakes a commercial venture is a/an ______ . 

          • ​(A) Bureautech
          • ​(B) Entrepreneur
          • ​(C) Philanthropist
          • ​(D) Greenhorn
          • Answer: (B) Entrepreneur


            7. Choose the alternative that means the same as the idiom: "A snake in the grass" 

            • ​(A) a secret enemy
            • ​(B) a poor man
            • ​(C) a close friend
            • ​(D) a foolish person
            • Answer: (A) a secret enemy


              8. He died ______ cholera. 

              • ​(A) with
              • ​(B) of
              • ​(C) from
              • ​(D) by
              • Answer: (B) of

                Rule: We use "die of" a specific disease, hunger, or thirst.


                9. Find out the correctly spelt word. 

                • ​(A) Refridgerator
                • ​(B) Refriderater
                • ​(C) Refrigerator
                • ​(D) Referigerator
                • Answer: (C) Refrigerator


                  10. What is the antonym of the word "Abundance"? 

                  • ​(A) Plenty
                  • ​(B) Scarcity
                  • ​(C) Vacancy
                  • ​(D) Poverty
                  • Answer: (B) Scarcity


                    ​III. Words & Usages (Gerunds & Clauses)

                    11. "Walking is a good exercise." In this sentence 'walking' is used as a/an ______ .

                    • ​(A) verb
                    • ​(B) adverb
                    • ​(C) adjective
                    • ​(D) noun
                    • Answer: (D) noun

                      Explanation: Here, "walking" functions as a Gerund (a verb form ending in -ing that acts as a noun subject).


                      12. Identify the complex sentence from the options: (LDC)

                      • ​(A) Oven's piano plays well.

                      • ​(B) Oven has a piano and it plays well.

                      • ​(C) Oven has a piano which plays well.

                      • ​(D) Oven has a piano but doesn't play well.

                      Answer: (C) Oven has a piano which plays well.

                      Explanation: Option C contains one main independent clause ("Oven has a piano") and one dependent relative clause ("which plays well"), making it a complex Here is a selection of frequently asked English questions from actual previous Kerala PSC exams (including LDC, VEO, Secretariat Assistant, and University Assistant tests).

                      ​I. Grammar & Sentence Structure

                      1. Neither the boy nor his brothers ______ satisfied. (Police Constable)

                      • ​(A) is
                      • ​(B) has
                      • ​(C) have
                      • ​(D) are
                      • Answer: (D) are

                        Rule: When two subjects are joined by neither... nor, the verb agrees with the closer subject (his brothers, which is plural).


                        2. He seldom answers any questions, ______ ? (LDC)

                        • ​(A) does he?
                        • ​(B) doesn't he?
                        • ​(C) did he?
                        • ​(D) didn't he?
                        • Answer: (A) does he?

                          Rule: Words like seldom, hardly, barely, and scarcely have a negative meaning, so they require a positive question tag.


                          3. If you went there, you ______ meet him. (Village Field Assistant)

                          • ​(A) could meet him
                          • ​(B) can meet him
                          • ​(C) could have met him
                          • ​(D) will meet him
                          • Answer: (A) could meet him

                            Rule: This is a Type 2 (hypothetical) conditional sentence. The structure is: If + Simple Past, would/could + base verb.


                            4. I prefer coffee ______ tea. (Secretariat Assistant)

                            • ​(A) than
                            • ​(B) from
                            • ​(C) to
                            • ​(D) for
                            • Answer: (C) to

                              Rule: The verb prefer is naturally followed by the preposition to, not than.


                              5. Change into Passive Voice: "They are following us." (LDC)

                              • ​(A) We are followed by them
                              • ​(B) We have been followed by them
                              • ​(C) We are being followed by them
                              • ​(D) We were being followed by them

                              Answer: (C) We are being followed by them

                              Rule: For the Present Continuous tense, the passive form uses is/am/are + being + past participle (V3).


                              ​II. Vocabulary, Idioms & One-Word Substitutes

                              6. A person who undertakes a commercial venture is a/an ______ . (VEO)

                              • ​(A) Bureautech
                              • ​(B) Entrepreneur
                              • ​(C) Philanthropist
                              • ​(D) Greenhorn
                              • Answer: (B) Entrepreneur


                                7. Choose the alternative that means the same as the idiom: "A snake in the grass" (Company/Corporation Asst.)

                                • ​(A) a secret enemy
                                • ​(B) a poor man
                                • ​(C) a close friend
                                • ​(D) a foolish person
                                • Answer: (A) a secret enemy


                                  8. He died ______ cholera. (Lab Assistant)

                                  • ​(A) with
                                  • ​(B) of
                                  • ​(C) from
                                  • ​(D) by
                                  • Answer: (B) of

                                    Rule: We use "die of" a specific disease, hunger, or thirst.


                                    9. Find out the correctly spelt word. (Secretariat Assistant)

                                    • ​(A) Refridgerator
                                    • ​(B) Refriderater
                                    • ​(C) Refrigerator
                                    • ​(D) Referigerator
                                    • Answer: (C) Refrigerator


                                      10. What is the antonym of the word "Abundance"? (Fireman Trainee)

                                      • ​(A) Plenty
                                      • ​(B) Scarcity
                                      • ​(C) Vacancy
                                      • ​(D) Poverty
                                      • Answer: (B) Scarcity


                                        ​III. Words & Usages (Gerunds & Clauses)

                                        11. "Walking is a good exercise." In this sentence 'walking' is used as a/an ______ . (LDC)

                                        • ​(A) verb
                                        • ​(B) adverb
                                        • ​(C) adjective
                                        • ​(D) noun
                                        • Answer: (D) noun

                                          Explanation: Here, "walking" functions as a Gerund (a verb form ending in -ing that acts as a noun subject).


                                          12. Identify the complex sentence from the options: (LDC)

                                          • ​(A) Oven's piano plays well.

                                          • ​(B) Oven has a piano and it plays well.

                                          • ​(C) Oven has a piano which plays well.

                                          • ​(D) Oven has a piano but doesn't play well.

                                          Answer: (C) Oven has a piano which plays well.

                                          Explanation: Option C contains one main independent clause ("Oven has a piano") and one dependent relative clause ("which plays well"), making it a complex sentence structure.


                                            

                       structure.


                        

Friday, January 16, 2026

Use of A

 

✅ Rule:

Use A before a singular noun that begins with a consonant sound.

📌 Examples:

I saw a dog.

She is a teacher.

He bought a car.

It is a useful book. (useful → sounds like “you”)

Thursday, January 15, 2026

There, their and they're

 There

✅ Meaning:

There is used to talk about a place or to introduce something.

📌 Examples:

The key is there on the table.

We will go there tomorrow.

There is a problem in this sentence.

There are many students in the class.


2️⃣ Their

✅ Meaning:

Their shows possession.

It means belonging to them.

📌 Examples:

This is their house.

Students submitted their assignments.

Their car is very old.

Children forgot their bags.

🧠 Tip:

If the sentence talks about ownership, use their.

3️⃣ They’re

✅ Meaning:

They’re is short for they are.

📌 Examples:

They’re playing outside.

They’re very happy today.

They’re not ready for the test.

They’re my best friends

Its vs It’s

 


Its vs It’s 

 Examples

Do you like its smell? 
I am sorry I don't know its meaning. 

It's = It is. 

It's a little sour. 
It's a bit sour. 
It's slightly sour. 

Thursday, August 5, 2021

Toddler years




Every nation in the world now faces one of the most dangerous epidemics of all time. It is obesity and it is causing major financial and health problems. Today’s cultural media and advertising are a large factor in the increasing rates of obesity. We are all eating ourselves to death and our new culture supports these eating disorders. All this happens because we are all slaves to what is called ad which is adding to our troubles in life unconsciously.

One major cause of the rise in obesity is false advertising. We are all continuously bombarded by all kinds of subtle and blunt advertisement from all sides. It comes in the forms of slogans, notices, trademarks, logos, and what not. We see it on the book cover, on movie screens, TV, in cultural shows, public places etc. we are surrounded by it everywhere and we do not realize its hidden implications. Not only commercial products, but also persons and our very thoughts are products of advertisement. Hence it is absolutely essential to be aware of its ill effects on our life.

Advertisement is a systematic effort to influence our opinions, to win us over to a certain point of view. It has nothing to do with truth or falsehood. It simply wants us to believe the messages conveyed. Often it uses subtle deceptions to influence our views. All the advertisements succeed because they appeal to our emotions and not to the intellect. It is hard and difficult to resist temptations and to think boldly and draw our own conclusions. It is comfortable to let others think for us and do for us. These are days when ignorance is bliss.

Obesity in schoolchildren has increased in the last decade. The impact of obesity is that more children are now with lifestyle diabetes as a result of their diets and less exercise. This is a worldwide problem that is not to be overlooked because diabetes and obesity are two of the leading risk factors of heart diseases.

High-calorie, high-fat and ready-made foods are easily available and children, even adults, love them. Fast foods and processed snacks like potato chips and biscuits can be addictive once children’s palates get used to them. TVs, and home computers hooked to the internet are filled with this kind of ads that drive them to go for the type of food that will make them pot bellied and obese .Studies have shown a strong link between overweight and the time spent in front of the TV and the computer. Subliminal advertising Messages are carried by the commercials of fast foods, sugar-loaded drinks and candies. Children as well as grownups bombarded by these advertisements develop an unhealthy desire for unhealthy foods.

Over-emphasis on School Grades - Concerns about doing well in school have led to parents and children becoming more prone to believing in these ads. They start using these advertised products -usually foods of little or no nutritional value, and foods that are simply unhealthy.

 Experts admit that toddler years are very crucial in shaping physical growth as well as forming food habits and preferences. As children approach late childhood, between 7 and 10, it becomes more difficult to change their eating habits or reduce the unwanted kilos.

 

It is during these early years that eating attitudes  develop, including the type of foods considered ‘normal’ and whether meal time should be regarded as a side-activity while watching television when they get loaded with ideas of becoming smart  and intelligent through the words of their icons in life who unfortunately appear in all these ads as propagandists. It is time we realized why these people do as they do and stopped believing in their words and started using our own intellect in choosing the right types of food for kids and ourselves for a better and happy and healthy life.